France’s independent nuclear deterrence has been the main pillar of its defence strategy for sixty years. The French nuclear policy, as well as its European and allied dimensions, however, tends to be misunderstood abroad, including by those who rely on French military involvement in the pursuit of their national security goals.
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The countries of central and eastern Europe have often worked together politically and militarily to advance their security interests vis-a-vis NATO. They have been most successful when they have had a clear goal, such as joining the Alliance in the late 1990s and early 2000s or ensuring that NATO would adopt robust enhancements to its deterrence posture following Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2014.
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Difficult choices lie ahead for the Baltics in defence posture.
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The scale of defence expenditure might not save us from political and societal failure
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Shortfalls in air defence would leave the Baltic states vulnerable to the effects of a fast-moving air campaign
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Public views and perceptions of technology are influenced by science fiction
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The solidarity clause of the Lisbon Treaty should be properly implemented
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Achieving a cyber agreement and the application of international law to cyber conflict have remained problematic
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The Soviet Union considered nuclear strikes against Western Europe.
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