Deterring ­Russia from Military Aggression Against Europe’s NATO Allies

Russia’s war on Ukraine and Donald Trump’s wavering on US ­security commitments for NATO have raised three fundamental questions: How does Moscow perceive Europe’s current ability to counter Russian aggression? What European efforts are needed to build up sufficient conventional military forces? And what must be done to ensure the credibility of nuclear deterrence? Concrete measures, including stronger European support for Ukraine, are crucial to deter Russia from an ­aggression against European NATO allies.

This policy brief (Dr Karl-Heinz Kamp, Dr Kristi Raik, Dr Carolina Vendil Pallin) was published by the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP).